Intelligence and Personality in Psychology
The characteristics that people will have throughout their lives, starting from genetics and prenatal period; It is affected by the social and natural environment involved from birth. Therefore, a response mechanism to individual differences, including reactions to events and situations experienced in the environment, is formed.
Intelligence: It is the level of a process in the human mind that includes various and complex abilities, including abstraction, learning, application, quality thinking, effective understanding, determination and decision-making.
The most important factor affecting the formation of intelligence is the genetic factor. Genetics have a 75 percent effect on intelligence. Another factor of intelligence is environmental factors. The effect of the social environment on intelligence is 21 percent. In addition, the share of random factors is 4 percent.
Types of Intelligence
Abstract intelligence, which is the type of intelligence in which the ability to think abstract is at the forefront, forms the most important base.
Intelligence that corresponds to the ability to use machines, tools and different devices is a tangible type of intelligence. The type of intelligence that measures the quality and success of individual interaction in human relations at the social level is the type of social intelligence.
The measurability of intelligence
One of the applications that should be in a good intelligence test is reliability. Corresponds to the same or similar results in repeated measurements with the same test. If it is valid, the test measures whatever the subject it wants to measure. The current test is called. Another application is the standard application. They are individual tests that are applied in the same way, especially by individuals with professional competence, without a certain order, direction, time limitation. Intelligence tests should be suitable for the community or individuals to be applied. Therefore, compliance with the cultural structure is important. The name of this process in the literature is “standardization”.
Intelligence Tests
The most important factor that led to these tests was the understanding that there were differences in children’s learning ability and that success was directly affected. Intelligence tests are based on the process of measuring the differences in intelligence levels of individuals compared to other individuals in a standard and objective manner. Since there is a margin of error, it may require many trials in order to reach a real result.
Types of Intelligence Tests
Individual Tests: Applied to only one individual. It is carried out orally or in writing. The tests containing the questions answered verbally are “verbal intelligence tests”; Tests with written answers are called “paper and pencil tests”.
Tests that aim to measure the intelligence level of the subject with the help of some tools and objects are called “performance tests”. Performance tests are applied to children who are too young to learn a language and to mentally disabled people.
Group Tests: Tests prepared specifically to measure the intelligence level of more than one person at the same time. Group tests may give more superficial results than individual tests.
Department of Intelligence
It allows a person to compare their intelligence level with other people of the same age group. In the intelligence department, it is necessary to know the calendar age and intelligence age. Whatever the points are “the equivalent of the age of intelligence” is the same. The ratio of intelligence age to calendar age; tells the intelligence part of the person.
Z.B = Z.Y / T.Y x100
Distribution in intelligence section: Intelligence section corresponds to verbal description. The verbal description capacity corresponding to the intelligence section result is graded as follows:
Over 130 = Very superior intelligence
120-129 = Superior intelligence
110-119 = Advanced intelligence
90-109 = Normal intelligence
80-89 = Disabled intelligence
70-79 = Low intelligence
Below 70 = mental retardation
Intellectual Disabilities
Idiot: It is a retarded person who needs constant care. Intelligence departments do not exceed 20. They are on par with the intelligence of a two-year-old child.
Embesil: They correspond to those who can be trained in the category of mentally disabled. Intelligence divisions are between 20 and 39. If shown and taught; they can do simple things.
Maron: They are genetically teachable intelligence disabled people with intelligence sections between 40-59.
Personality
The formation of a unique temperament and the development of character, which is shaped by the innate biological characteristics of the person over the years, and social interactions with his / her sense, thinking, attitude and behavior; It is formed by blending the intersection.
Temperament, that is temperament, is the existing structure that has already been acquired from birth and is one of the personality traits that are most difficult to change later.
Character is a socio-culturally oriented personality dimension that is shaped in the environments and educational processes encountered throughout life.
Temperament constitutes the static aspect in personality and the dynamic aspect in character.
Factors Affecting the Formation of Personality
Biological needs, impulses, hereditary characteristics
Education, learning and experiences
Social values, beliefs, disbeliefs and roles
Theories of Personality
1) Psychodynamic Theory: This theory, from Freud’s point of view, does not explain the cause of any behavior by accident. Motives are at the source of behaviors. According to Freud, personality consists of three dynamic parts. Id, ego and superego.
Lower Self (Id): It corresponds to the content of the hereditary impulses and desires of the human being. In this state, it is under a biological title. It is the force that drives people towards survival. The most important principle in id is pleasure. Sexuality and aggression dominate the most dominant drive.
Self (Ego): It tries to fulfill the requests from the lower self in a way suitable for the self in the society. In the ego, the reality principle and common sense are admiral. If it’s the alarm in the self; is balance.
Superego (Superego): This structure, which consists only of society’s value judgments, corresponds to the mechanism that constantly monitors the behavior of the individual by putting forward different topics.
2) Learning Theory: The personality of the individual is formed by reinforcing the behaviors acquired as a result of the learning process throughout his life. This theory rejects genetic factors in the formation of personality.
3) Biological Theory: It can be said that it is the synthesis of all the characteristics that the individual has already gained from birth. He took care to explain together the physical structures of the individual, the activity of the endocrine glands and all of his neurobiological processes in a balanced way.
4) Humanistic and Existential Theories: The theory in question is based on an optimistic approach to personality and person, and is based on the principle that every human being is equal and good from birth. In the existential theory, “self-actualization” is emphasized. It is essential that the individual realizes his / her life expectations by using his / her maximum potential. This is also the fruit of the trouble of creating oneself out of nothing.
Personality Tests
It aims to find what the individual does, not what he can do. In this respect, the questions are directed towards finding out what the individual is typically doing.
Biography: It is created to determine the personality of the individual. The information that constitutes the personality is created from the information provided by those who know him or himself.
Rating Scales: It aims to see at what level a person has certain characteristics or to define the region between the two ends of a feature. Scales are not applied to the individual personally, but to those who know him / herself.
Behavior Detection: It determines the reactions of an individual in certain situations and conditions in time. It is mostly applied to children.
Interest Tests: These tests show what the individual likes or dislikes; it aims to measure what it avoids in its preferences. The options of the previously prepared questions are marked and the result score is reached.
Personality Questionnaire: These are tests in which the answers to the questions in the test content are yes and no.
Interview: It is a form of evaluation that requires careful observation and determination in the direction of questions formed by thinking in detail face to face with the individual.
Projective Tests: Motivational processes of the subject are observed by using photographs, pictures, symbols and figures. Interpretation-based tests advocating psychodynamic approach.
Ink Stain (Rorschach) Test: It is a test consisting of ten symmetrical ink spots, five of which are colored and five of which are black and white.
The individual is asked how he interprets the spots he sees. In this way, it is tried to reach what the subject goes through in the subconscious process.
Thematic Perception Test: This test is also a picture interpretation test. The person is shown a picture and is asked to describe what he sees from this image.
Story Completion Test: The subject is asked to complete any story left unfinished.
Criticism of Personality Tests and Review of Basis
Although the personality tests mentioned so far are of a scientific nature, they give limited information about the personalities of individuals. Because there are many factors that complicate individuals’ personality structures and processes formed by ‘mental’ reactions.
Personality tests have lived in different cultures and different genetic structures and under different conditions; It is designed according to the boundaries of the structures covered by the subjects who have been exposed to different factors.
Even if it is applied to subjects who have been exposed to the same culture or the same processes, there may be a problem in practice. Because the same criteria are expected with the same test for the individual who corresponds to a culture very different from the urban environment and the hereditary society, and the individual who has genes from rural areas. Here, major glitches and errors in evaluation stand out.
Personality tests should eliminate the lack of evaluation by including certain patterns. Because it gets the most criticism from these points.
